1 00:01:06,160 --> 00:01:11,481 You know, in physics we believe that everything around us can be made comprehensible. 2 00:01:13,140 --> 00:01:16,380 It's a job that can easily set you apart from other people. 3 00:01:17,080 --> 00:01:18,520 There is no restriction on thought. 4 00:01:25,330 --> 00:01:29,170 I think I have a quite pictorial view of physics. 5 00:01:30,190 --> 00:01:31,650 For me, particles are colourful. 6 00:01:31,651 --> 00:01:33,070 For me an electron is red. 7 00:01:33,290 --> 00:01:33,670 I don't know why. 8 00:01:33,770 --> 00:01:34,350 Don't ask me why. 9 00:01:34,690 --> 00:01:35,950 An electron is red. 10 00:01:36,310 --> 00:01:38,230 A photon of course is yellow because of light. 11 00:01:38,850 --> 00:01:40,330 A proton is brown. 12 00:01:40,990 --> 00:01:44,970 My perception on reality, you know, I go deep inside, so I eat my spaghetti 13 00:01:44,971 --> 00:01:47,290 and I think of the quarks that are inside the spaghetti. 14 00:01:47,650 --> 00:01:48,650 It's true. 15 00:01:49,450 --> 00:01:50,650 You will say I'm crazy. 16 00:01:52,410 --> 00:01:56,170 I am a physicist, but I love music and I've been studying music. 17 00:01:57,270 --> 00:02:01,670 Music and physics are part of the same thing, you know, human curiosity, 18 00:02:01,930 --> 00:02:07,179 human creativity, the wish of exploring or understanding 19 00:02:07,180 --> 00:02:10,590 how things work at the most fundamental level. 20 00:02:11,070 --> 00:02:14,730 And what really touches me in science, like in 21 00:02:14,731 --> 00:02:18,630 music, is this complexity built upon simplicity. 22 00:02:21,070 --> 00:02:26,850 In music you have very complex and rich symphonies, think about Beethoven, 23 00:02:27,330 --> 00:02:32,430 Mahler, but actually they are built upon the combination of seven notes and 24 00:02:32,431 --> 00:02:36,935 likewise nature is beautiful and extremely complex, but actually 25 00:02:36,936 --> 00:02:41,330 the most fundamental level is made of just three particles. 26 00:02:47,780 --> 00:02:48,780 I 27 00:02:52,020 --> 00:02:56,200 always wanted to understand what are we made out of. 28 00:02:56,900 --> 00:03:02,160 I need to know how are things connected, how does one depend on the other. 29 00:03:11,390 --> 00:03:19,825 It is the most powerful, most complex machine ever built 30 00:03:19,826 --> 00:03:27,270 by mankind to try to understand why we can exist at all. 31 00:03:32,410 --> 00:03:33,570 When 32 00:04:02,580 --> 00:04:07,840 I was young I wanted to understand the logic of nature, 33 00:04:12,150 --> 00:04:17,350 the fundamental laws which allows us to exist. 34 00:04:20,190 --> 00:04:24,530 We need these laws for our existence. 35 00:04:25,670 --> 00:04:32,030 The trouble is that these laws can be used for peace and for war. 36 00:04:38,600 --> 00:04:41,560 Now I am the coming death, the destruction. 37 00:04:45,260 --> 00:04:52,440 Dr. Oppenheimer, you and many like you who brought the bomb into being still seem to 38 00:04:52,441 --> 00:04:56,180 suffer, may I say, from a bad conscience about it. 39 00:04:56,500 --> 00:04:57,500 Is that true sir? 40 00:04:58,580 --> 00:05:05,900 I do think it has left a mark on many of those who were responsibly engaged. 41 00:05:06,700 --> 00:05:10,260 This is not the natural business of a scientist. 42 00:05:12,120 --> 00:05:19,760 After the first few minutes of elation, I realized what had happened to the world. 43 00:05:20,560 --> 00:05:23,940 The big thing I felt was to eliminate this. 44 00:05:24,800 --> 00:05:32,680 We have to explain to the governments that what we want to do is never to be 45 00:05:32,681 --> 00:05:38,280 associated with the use of these laws for war. 46 00:05:47,630 --> 00:05:52,005 Today CERN is a truly global laboratory with a community of 47 00:05:52,006 --> 00:05:57,410 more than 17,000 people across more than 110 nationalities. 48 00:05:57,590 --> 00:06:02,650 An incredible melting pot of languages, cultures, traditions. 49 00:06:04,250 --> 00:06:11,170 But in a world where conflicts between countries, religions and cultures sadly 50 00:06:11,171 --> 00:06:18,010 persist, this is a truly precious gift which cannot be taken for granted. 51 00:06:20,010 --> 00:06:23,107 We now have autocrats ruling the largest nations 52 00:06:23,108 --> 00:06:26,110 on earth in ways we thought belonged to history. 53 00:06:26,450 --> 00:06:30,730 Russia launched a full scale invasion of Ukraine by land, air and... CERN has 54 00:06:30,731 --> 00:06:34,266 announced that it will end cooperation with up 55 00:06:34,267 --> 00:06:37,571 to 500 scientists from Russian institutions. 56 00:06:41,690 --> 00:06:46,382 The last world war had been so terrible, I thought it 57 00:06:46,383 --> 00:06:49,990 would be unimaginable that a new war would start again. 58 00:06:50,770 --> 00:06:52,590 Humanity should have learned a lesson. 59 00:06:53,810 --> 00:07:00,090 Here at CERN, several thousand scientists coming from different social, political 60 00:07:00,091 --> 00:07:04,670 systems, having different religions, having completely different mentalities, 61 00:07:05,150 --> 00:07:09,870 work together very peacefully and, I might say so, also very successfully. 62 00:07:14,860 --> 00:07:19,180 How many years ago was it that you stepped down as director-general? 63 00:07:19,400 --> 00:07:21,300 It's a long time ago, 1990. 64 00:07:22,880 --> 00:07:24,560 And you're still coming in? 65 00:07:26,280 --> 00:07:31,820 When I became 100 years old, some people asked me, what do you do to become so old? 66 00:07:32,660 --> 00:07:33,820 I said, there are two things. 67 00:07:34,740 --> 00:07:38,240 Always stay active and always be curious. 68 00:07:42,000 --> 00:07:44,301 The CERN Council decided that we have to stop 69 00:07:44,302 --> 00:07:47,761 almost all collaborations with Russia now. 70 00:07:48,340 --> 00:07:49,340 It's a pity. 71 00:07:50,000 --> 00:07:53,883 I think it was more or less the first time that in the 70 years 72 00:07:53,884 --> 00:07:57,840 of CERN that politics determined essentially a council decision. 73 00:08:08,040 --> 00:08:10,420 So this week there was Council Week at CERN. 74 00:08:11,160 --> 00:08:13,906 So it means the representative of our member 75 00:08:13,907 --> 00:08:16,961 states got together for decisions and discussions. 76 00:08:17,800 --> 00:08:22,960 The contracts with Belarus and with Russia already have been suspended. 77 00:08:23,660 --> 00:08:29,160 However, there's still this laboratory in Russia, which is a bit similar to what we 78 00:08:29,161 --> 00:08:33,720 have at CERN, and the collaboration with them dates back to 1967. 79 00:08:34,360 --> 00:08:37,860 So it's a really long-standing partner. 80 00:08:38,720 --> 00:08:40,780 Here at CERN we have Israelis working together 81 00:08:40,781 --> 00:08:43,441 with Palestinians, Indians with Pakistanis. 82 00:08:43,740 --> 00:08:50,360 So science and fundamental science gives you a kind of basis where people, 83 00:08:50,980 --> 00:08:54,480 independent of their religion, independent of their political system 84 00:08:54,481 --> 00:08:57,960 where they grew up in, can collaborate and can communicate. 85 00:08:58,080 --> 00:09:00,300 And I think that's something important to keep. 86 00:09:00,620 --> 00:09:03,220 That was what CERN is for, science for peace. 87 00:09:08,760 --> 00:09:15,192 I remember when I first came to CERN I was here visiting 88 00:09:15,193 --> 00:09:19,120 because I was thinking about moving here and I wasn't sure. 89 00:09:20,700 --> 00:09:27,220 One of my mentors at the university arranged to see the Atlas detector and it 90 00:09:27,221 --> 00:09:32,740 was the best thing anyone ever did for me because when you see it, it was like, 91 00:09:33,400 --> 00:09:34,400 it was love. 92 00:09:36,820 --> 00:09:37,820 You 93 00:09:47,020 --> 00:09:54,360 know, it's just this beautiful detector with the precision of it, the size of it, 94 00:09:54,760 --> 00:09:58,807 the amount of human effort and passion that 95 00:09:58,808 --> 00:10:02,641 went into building every single little part. 96 00:10:03,000 --> 00:10:04,400 I just wanted to be a part of that. 97 00:10:06,500 --> 00:10:08,440 I got to build this, help build this. 98 00:10:08,620 --> 00:10:11,960 There are, you know, thousands of people involved in this construction and I really 99 00:10:11,961 --> 00:10:14,540 got to help with those teams putting it all together. 100 00:10:15,760 --> 00:10:17,800 There was a common goal that we all had. 101 00:10:17,880 --> 00:10:20,560 So it gave a special spirit to the whole thing. 102 00:10:21,040 --> 00:10:26,260 There was this chance to unlock something very deep about nature itself. 103 00:10:32,490 --> 00:10:35,465 2008, it was really the first time we switched 104 00:10:35,466 --> 00:10:37,970 on our camera Atlas and took the first data. 105 00:10:38,430 --> 00:10:43,150 But the room was crowded at that time, so everybody who contributed was in that room. 106 00:10:43,750 --> 00:10:46,670 The preparation of this experiment took decades. 107 00:10:52,930 --> 00:10:57,730 We now believe that all the matter that we now see in the universe was made during 108 00:10:57,731 --> 00:11:00,177 the first fraction of a fraction of a fraction 109 00:11:00,178 --> 00:11:02,991 of a second of the age of the universe. 110 00:11:03,090 --> 00:11:07,910 In fact, it's something like 10 to the minus 35 seconds. 111 00:11:08,670 --> 00:11:14,410 That means a one with 34 zeros before it. 112 00:11:14,830 --> 00:11:15,830 Extremely small time. 113 00:11:17,750 --> 00:11:22,850 There's zero particles and all the other elementary particles have masses. 114 00:11:23,210 --> 00:11:24,210 They weigh something. 115 00:11:24,670 --> 00:11:25,670 Why is that? 116 00:11:26,470 --> 00:11:31,510 We believe that comes about from a particle called the Higgs boson. 117 00:11:32,490 --> 00:11:37,210 Peter Higgs proposed the existence of the Higgs boson in 1964. 118 00:11:37,810 --> 00:11:40,930 I would compare it to a Roman arch. 119 00:11:41,690 --> 00:11:47,350 So you've got this beautiful semicircular arch and at the top there is a capstone. 120 00:11:48,070 --> 00:11:51,530 And if that capstone were not there, the arch would collapse. 121 00:11:52,710 --> 00:11:57,570 With my colleagues, we basically sat down and said, OK, we don't know what the mass 122 00:11:57,571 --> 00:12:03,250 of the Higgs boson might be, but for different masses we could figure out the 123 00:12:03,251 --> 00:12:05,190 way in which it would show up in an experiment. 124 00:12:05,910 --> 00:12:08,130 Some experiments of that type were being done as so. 125 00:12:08,870 --> 00:12:12,456 But we really thought it was going to be heavier and 126 00:12:12,457 --> 00:12:15,230 could only be found at a higher energy accelerator. 127 00:12:20,280 --> 00:12:22,660 The protons are in the machine. 128 00:12:25,800 --> 00:12:27,600 We are ready at this end. 129 00:12:31,350 --> 00:12:32,570 We are now in the countdown. 130 00:12:49,310 --> 00:12:52,430 So what happens in the sort of experiments that are done here, well actually sort of 131 00:12:52,431 --> 00:12:57,459 underground in some sense, what's being done down there is 132 00:12:57,460 --> 00:13:00,451 a sort of recreation of the first seconds of the Big Bang. 133 00:13:08,020 --> 00:13:14,320 You are about 100 metres underground at the absolute best experiment on Earth. 134 00:13:15,760 --> 00:13:22,280 The LHC pipe runs through the centre and protons come in from either direction. 135 00:13:22,440 --> 00:13:26,660 If we are lucky and if they hit really like a big strong head-on collision, 136 00:13:27,320 --> 00:13:29,311 we can create all sorts of cool stuff, 137 00:13:29,312 --> 00:13:32,921 potentially something we have never seen before. 138 00:13:36,810 --> 00:13:41,210 It's very nice here in the control room because you can see in real time all these 139 00:13:41,211 --> 00:13:46,930 collisions and the particles, the shower coming out of it and sometimes it's really 140 00:13:46,931 --> 00:13:53,030 overwhelming and actually it's also bothering me thinking about all the things 141 00:13:53,031 --> 00:13:57,010 that they will discover in the future and that maybe I will never know. 142 00:14:01,130 --> 00:14:04,190 Everybody is trying to write his history in a way. 143 00:14:04,430 --> 00:14:05,430 It's our ambition. 144 00:14:06,310 --> 00:14:11,970 The man of the caverns was writing pictures of cows on the walls, right? 145 00:14:12,670 --> 00:14:14,717 So that 3,000 years later you walk in there, 146 00:14:14,718 --> 00:14:17,451 he says, my God, there's a human being there. 147 00:14:18,150 --> 00:14:23,030 We are not painting ghosts on walls or caves. 148 00:14:23,670 --> 00:14:26,110 We are trying to do much more sophisticated things. 149 00:14:27,110 --> 00:14:29,265 When it's all done and over, what do you think 150 00:14:29,266 --> 00:14:32,331 20th century civilization have left behind? 151 00:14:32,930 --> 00:14:37,416 My own opinion is that we care and we respect us and we 152 00:14:37,417 --> 00:14:40,330 respect us on the basis of the understanding we have. 153 00:14:55,820 --> 00:15:02,040 When I arrived here at CERN, I was this student, very much lacking in confidence, 154 00:15:02,810 --> 00:15:08,240 looking around at what's happening here, and I did not feel that I fit in here. 155 00:15:08,820 --> 00:15:10,280 I felt like an imposter. 156 00:15:11,260 --> 00:15:14,374 It was like another planet, first of all, because 157 00:15:14,375 --> 00:15:17,520 there were literally no Indians here at CERN. 158 00:15:18,700 --> 00:15:20,000 It was incredible. 159 00:15:20,280 --> 00:15:24,080 I can tell you that even the smell of coffee was alien to me. 160 00:15:26,840 --> 00:15:33,300 Coming from India, a woman working in the laboratory, you know, with Europeans and 161 00:15:33,301 --> 00:15:35,940 with Americans and all that, it was not easy. 162 00:15:36,620 --> 00:15:39,482 The confidence is today, the smiles are today, but 163 00:15:39,483 --> 00:15:43,860 I have had endless sleepless nights, years on end. 164 00:15:52,520 --> 00:15:55,760 This human endeavor is mind-boggling. 165 00:16:11,220 --> 00:16:14,948 When you were presented with the plans for the LHC, 166 00:16:14,949 --> 00:16:18,860 the engineering challenge is absolutely enormous. 167 00:16:19,420 --> 00:16:22,050 Well, I wasn't presented with the plans, I made the plans. 168 00:16:26,960 --> 00:16:29,200 I came to CERN in 69. 169 00:16:31,500 --> 00:16:32,500 Anti-product now. 170 00:16:33,420 --> 00:16:35,020 What is it, 55 years now? 171 00:16:35,600 --> 00:16:36,600 Practically. 172 00:16:38,240 --> 00:16:39,520 55 of the 70. 173 00:16:41,400 --> 00:16:44,140 But this is home now, after all this time. 174 00:16:45,080 --> 00:16:47,721 I took over the project in 93, prepared for 175 00:16:47,722 --> 00:16:51,700 approval, took until the end of 1994 to get approved. 176 00:16:58,210 --> 00:17:01,150 The project could provide answers to the nature of the universe. 177 00:17:01,830 --> 00:17:04,924 The machine, called the Large Hadron Collider, will aim 178 00:17:04,925 --> 00:17:07,750 to recreate the conditions at the time of the Big Bang. 179 00:17:09,730 --> 00:17:13,470 The tunnel was there already, we took it over from the previous machine. 180 00:17:15,970 --> 00:17:22,530 There is a pit where the big magnets can be lowered into the tunnel, onto a 181 00:17:22,531 --> 00:17:26,150 transport vehicle, and then that gives us access to the LHC ring. 182 00:17:33,590 --> 00:17:39,751 This is really the biggest and most complex scientific project ever undertaken. 183 00:17:40,410 --> 00:17:43,145 The whole 27-kilometer circumference is 184 00:17:43,146 --> 00:17:46,731 aligned to better than a tenth of a millimeter. 185 00:17:47,650 --> 00:17:52,470 Very, very, very tiny movements will affect our data. 186 00:17:53,390 --> 00:17:57,870 The moon, for example, also affects the LHC. 187 00:18:04,770 --> 00:18:09,810 It's the kind of breathing that goes on, like the tides, you know. 188 00:18:11,330 --> 00:18:13,570 And we need to track everything. 189 00:18:14,030 --> 00:18:20,810 Think of gravity, that every time there is a movement of a piece of matter around the 190 00:18:20,811 --> 00:18:26,730 Earth, that actually translates into a very, very, very tiny movement, 191 00:18:27,130 --> 00:18:30,092 which can be reflected in the measurements at the 192 00:18:30,093 --> 00:18:32,431 scale at which we do the measurements, you know. 193 00:18:32,630 --> 00:18:34,730 We are looking for a particle that has a 194 00:18:34,731 --> 00:18:38,211 lifetime of ten to the minus twenty-two seconds. 195 00:18:39,730 --> 00:18:43,910 And within that, if there is a movement, you're lost. 196 00:18:48,330 --> 00:18:53,190 So the idea behind the collision is you're just getting a huge amount of energy into, 197 00:18:53,490 --> 00:18:57,330 you know, a single spot, and then you can produce something very massive. 198 00:18:58,290 --> 00:19:02,890 And so by studying these collisions, we understand this very microscopic world, 199 00:19:03,330 --> 00:19:09,050 and then that helps us understand how we evolved from a microscopic world to the 200 00:19:09,051 --> 00:19:12,910 macroscopic to galaxies, superclusters of galaxies. 201 00:19:13,150 --> 00:19:14,610 It's all intertwined. 202 00:19:15,130 --> 00:19:17,450 We can't understand that without understanding this. 203 00:19:49,320 --> 00:19:50,320 Hello. 204 00:19:50,780 --> 00:19:51,780 Welcome. 205 00:19:51,980 --> 00:19:52,980 Hello. 206 00:19:53,540 --> 00:19:56,560 Well, it's nice to welcome you here in my home. 207 00:19:57,080 --> 00:19:58,080 Please come in. 208 00:19:58,420 --> 00:19:59,420 Thank you very much. 209 00:20:00,960 --> 00:20:05,040 Do you still play the piano? 210 00:20:05,041 --> 00:20:07,160 Yes, a little bit, yes, a little bit. 211 00:20:07,720 --> 00:20:10,380 I like music besides physics very much. 212 00:20:19,470 --> 00:20:21,510 I am a very old man now. 213 00:20:21,810 --> 00:20:24,719 I have the advantage that I've seen now 214 00:20:24,720 --> 00:20:28,751 practically hundred years of European history. 215 00:20:29,070 --> 00:20:31,490 During the last war, I was a soldier. 216 00:20:31,850 --> 00:20:34,770 I was fighting against Russia and the British. 217 00:20:42,450 --> 00:20:46,910 In fact, I was, by chance, also a Dresden when it was bombed. 218 00:20:47,410 --> 00:20:47,990 So I've seen it. 219 00:20:48,050 --> 00:20:49,150 Fortunately, I survived. 220 00:20:52,880 --> 00:20:59,241 So I know what real war means, where 10,000 people were killed in one night. 221 00:21:00,900 --> 00:21:02,880 All that, of course, is nightmare. 222 00:21:06,160 --> 00:21:10,780 When war was ended, I was taken prisoner by British troops near Hamburg. 223 00:21:11,500 --> 00:21:15,340 At that time, I imagine there was practically no radio. 224 00:21:15,860 --> 00:21:18,240 There were just a few local newspapers. 225 00:21:19,060 --> 00:21:20,620 There was no television nothing. 226 00:21:21,200 --> 00:21:25,720 So I learned about the bombs rather late, more or less by chance. 227 00:21:41,650 --> 00:21:43,490 It is an atomic bomb. 228 00:21:44,990 --> 00:21:48,330 It is a harnessing of the basic power of the universe. 229 00:22:27,730 --> 00:22:33,511 I knew many of the people who were involved in the development of these bombs. 230 00:22:36,900 --> 00:22:38,920 In Germany, it was Heisenberg. 231 00:22:44,740 --> 00:22:49,500 And it was never quite clear whether the nuclear chain reaction would work. 232 00:22:50,380 --> 00:22:51,980 I knew Heisenberg quite well. 233 00:22:52,580 --> 00:22:56,797 He was surprised that the bomb had worked because he had 234 00:22:56,798 --> 00:23:00,560 calculated the detailed cross-section and he made a mistake. 235 00:23:00,561 --> 00:23:05,940 It was incredible because Heisenberg said, Look, it can't have worked. 236 00:23:06,600 --> 00:23:07,980 And I told him yes, but it worked. 237 00:23:08,080 --> 00:23:11,460 So he sat down and found out, yes, he had made a mistake. 238 00:23:16,090 --> 00:23:21,932 A short time ago, an American airplane dropped one bomb 239 00:23:21,933 --> 00:23:25,430 on Hiroshima and destroyed its usefulness to the enemy. 240 00:23:26,410 --> 00:23:30,870 That bomb has more power than 20,000 tons of TNT. 241 00:23:32,250 --> 00:23:35,879 The force from which the sun draws its power has been 242 00:23:35,880 --> 00:23:39,990 loosed against those who brought war to the Far East. 243 00:23:41,090 --> 00:23:44,152 We have spent more than 2 billion dollars on 244 00:23:44,153 --> 00:23:47,711 the greatest scientific gamble in history. 245 00:23:47,890 --> 00:23:49,010 And we have won. 246 00:23:54,960 --> 00:24:01,581 What has been done is the greatest achievement of organized science in history. 247 00:24:10,780 --> 00:24:18,940 I think when you play a meaningful part in bringing about the death of over 100,000 248 00:24:18,941 --> 00:24:24,201 people and the injury of a comparable number, 249 00:24:24,202 --> 00:24:31,160 you naturally don't think of that as with ease. 250 00:24:31,740 --> 00:24:33,580 We had known the sin of pride. 251 00:24:34,300 --> 00:24:38,660 We had turned to effect in what was to come. 252 00:24:38,661 --> 00:24:43,040 It proved to be a major way, the course of man's history. 253 00:24:54,720 --> 00:24:57,795 The European Union, for nuclear physics, has fixed 254 00:24:57,796 --> 00:25:00,621 the size of 100 international research atoms. 255 00:25:02,320 --> 00:25:04,504 The delegates brought their lives on Geneva, 256 00:25:04,505 --> 00:25:07,381 to the great satisfaction of the president. 257 00:25:11,520 --> 00:25:16,560 It is an idea which is, to some extent, unimaginable today. 258 00:25:16,561 --> 00:25:24,100 Shortly after the Second World War, a handful of visionary scientists and a 259 00:25:24,101 --> 00:25:33,040 handful of visionary diplomats getting together from all continents and saying, 260 00:25:33,300 --> 00:25:37,960 okay, we have to do something to get Europe out of the ruins. 261 00:25:38,820 --> 00:25:41,760 It took only a few years to create CERN. 262 00:25:43,100 --> 00:25:44,660 This is amazing. 263 00:25:44,661 --> 00:25:47,480 I cannot imagine something like this today. 264 00:25:52,790 --> 00:25:56,930 The Council of CERN is made up of delegates from the 13 member states. 265 00:25:58,390 --> 00:26:02,670 The purpose of the European Organization for Nuclear Research is to further 266 00:26:02,671 --> 00:26:06,950 collaboration in scientific research of a purely fundamental nature. 267 00:26:09,130 --> 00:26:12,150 A few years ago, the Council of CERN was celebrated by Mr. Dumont. 268 00:26:13,810 --> 00:26:19,670 And here, in Denmark, in 1972, Robert Oppenheimer, creator of the Bomba, 269 00:26:22,150 --> 00:26:24,550 Heisenberg, almighty, in 1972. 270 00:26:26,770 --> 00:26:33,450 Looking at these people together, Oppenheimer, Heisenberg, who worked 271 00:26:33,451 --> 00:26:40,170 beforehand on different sites within the war, but they ignored the political 272 00:26:40,171 --> 00:26:43,830 difference and they were just concentrating on science. 273 00:26:47,870 --> 00:26:56,370 An atomic war would end this civilization and would end any science and so on. 274 00:26:58,230 --> 00:27:02,395 Mankind has to learn to control itself because it now 275 00:27:02,396 --> 00:27:06,550 has, within its power, to destroy itself very cheaply. 276 00:27:11,030 --> 00:27:15,551 We brought the people together, we wrote a convention 277 00:27:15,552 --> 00:27:19,670 which clearly states peaceful application only. 278 00:27:27,250 --> 00:27:32,250 The organization should provide for collaboration among European states in 279 00:27:32,251 --> 00:27:36,590 nuclear research of a pure scientific and fundamental character. 280 00:27:41,460 --> 00:27:48,440 When we work, we don't think of making military applications. 281 00:27:51,380 --> 00:27:54,904 The responsibility of the scientists is that 282 00:27:54,905 --> 00:27:58,841 the new technologies are used in the proper way. 283 00:27:59,440 --> 00:28:05,880 Every technology can be used for the good of humanity or against humanity. 284 00:28:06,460 --> 00:28:11,480 A typewriter can be used for war or can be used for peaceful poetry. 285 00:28:25,530 --> 00:28:29,490 I grew up in an industrial part of the United States in western Pennsylvania 286 00:28:29,491 --> 00:28:33,310 where everybody's grandfather and father worked in the steel mills. 287 00:28:34,170 --> 00:28:36,549 And they told us when we were kids that if we didn't 288 00:28:36,550 --> 00:28:39,190 study hard, we'd end up in the factory like they were. 289 00:28:39,750 --> 00:28:41,810 And I totally failed, you can see. 290 00:28:51,610 --> 00:29:00,150 We have Metallica, Muse, Roger Waters, Jack White, Pixies. 291 00:29:00,151 --> 00:29:02,090 The bar is pretty high. 292 00:29:02,250 --> 00:29:04,030 It's not just for any rock stars. 293 00:29:05,390 --> 00:29:06,590 There'll be more, I hope. 294 00:29:09,050 --> 00:29:12,999 The science fiction question is do we have enough 295 00:29:13,000 --> 00:29:16,430 antimatter to be dangerous or to power a starship? 296 00:29:17,330 --> 00:29:20,823 And the answer is even though this is the best and only 297 00:29:20,824 --> 00:29:24,730 machine to create this anti-hydrogen atom, we kind of suck. 298 00:29:25,210 --> 00:29:27,870 It's never going to be a danger to anybody. 299 00:29:27,871 --> 00:29:32,630 It would take longer than the age of the universe 300 00:29:32,631 --> 00:29:36,511 to accumulate just one gram of antimatter. 301 00:29:36,710 --> 00:29:40,070 But that one gram of antimatter could put a space shuttle into orbit. 302 00:29:40,710 --> 00:29:44,910 That's a cataclysmic amount of antimatter to lose all at once. 303 00:29:45,450 --> 00:29:48,891 We simply... I wouldn't want to be anywhere near that, let's put it that way. 304 00:30:05,620 --> 00:30:11,920 So in the early 90s I found an extremely exciting atmosphere. 305 00:30:12,700 --> 00:30:17,240 Those were the years we were developing the Large Hadron Collider. 306 00:30:18,940 --> 00:30:22,780 ATLAS is the biggest experiment ever built in particle physics. 307 00:30:23,980 --> 00:30:27,988 We are all pushed by the same spirit and by the same 308 00:30:27,989 --> 00:30:32,240 awareness of being very close to discover something big. 309 00:30:34,760 --> 00:30:39,360 In addition to the fundamental science, which might have interesting applications, 310 00:30:39,900 --> 00:30:44,441 there are the technologies which you develop in order to make the research possible. 311 00:30:45,060 --> 00:30:48,600 And the World Wide Web is one example of that. 312 00:30:49,100 --> 00:30:52,970 This is a technology which was developed in order for 313 00:30:52,971 --> 00:30:55,860 scientists to be able to collaborate around the world. 314 00:30:56,200 --> 00:31:00,681 And of course it's completely revolutionized the way that humans interact. 315 00:31:19,280 --> 00:31:20,440 So what's the Web? 316 00:31:21,020 --> 00:31:24,340 It used to be difficult to explain what the Web would be like. 317 00:31:24,341 --> 00:31:27,700 Now it's difficult to explain why it was difficult. 318 00:31:30,300 --> 00:31:34,320 But back in the 1980s at CERN it was an exciting place to be. 319 00:31:35,120 --> 00:31:37,491 Lots and lots of information systems on different 320 00:31:37,492 --> 00:31:40,260 computers, on different networks, all incompatible. 321 00:31:41,060 --> 00:31:45,600 So the idea was that one should be able to communicate by sharing information. 322 00:31:47,260 --> 00:31:52,540 How many of you have actually never experienced the World Wide Web? 323 00:31:52,541 --> 00:31:53,920 I see one hand. 324 00:31:54,780 --> 00:31:59,120 Two, three, four, five, six, seven. 325 00:31:59,540 --> 00:32:00,540 No, come on. 326 00:32:03,320 --> 00:32:13,060 What was it that made the Web click as the universal hypertext on a computer network? 327 00:32:13,440 --> 00:32:14,540 It is the URL. 328 00:32:14,920 --> 00:32:18,040 And that is Tim's fundamental contribution. 329 00:32:19,020 --> 00:32:24,160 We sat under the big tree in the CERN cafeteria one evening with a beer. 330 00:32:25,080 --> 00:32:28,560 And then I said, we need a catchy title for it. 331 00:32:28,561 --> 00:32:31,680 And suddenly Tim said, what about World Wide Web? 332 00:32:32,600 --> 00:32:35,620 I said, yeah, that's great. 333 00:32:35,780 --> 00:32:36,780 It's a bit long. 334 00:32:38,100 --> 00:32:42,460 I like its name, World Wide Web, which was unpronounceable to French people. 335 00:32:42,840 --> 00:32:44,720 That's why most French people didn't like. 336 00:32:48,720 --> 00:32:52,020 I don't think we've even seen the tip of the iceberg. 337 00:32:52,440 --> 00:32:55,517 I think the potential of what the Internet is going 338 00:32:55,518 --> 00:33:00,800 to do to society, both good and bad, is unimaginable. 339 00:33:02,280 --> 00:33:07,220 I think we're actually on the cusp of something exhilarating and terrifying. 340 00:33:08,320 --> 00:33:10,100 It's just a tool, though, isn't it? 341 00:33:10,300 --> 00:33:11,300 No, it's not. 342 00:33:11,360 --> 00:33:11,540 No. 343 00:33:12,080 --> 00:33:14,000 No, it's an alien life form. 344 00:33:14,140 --> 00:33:18,420 What do you think of the It's their life on Mars. 345 00:33:18,600 --> 00:33:20,440 Yes, it's just landed here. 346 00:33:25,260 --> 00:33:29,140 You never spend your nights with me. 347 00:33:29,540 --> 00:33:33,120 You don't go out with other girls either. 348 00:33:34,220 --> 00:33:36,980 You only love your collider. 349 00:33:47,020 --> 00:33:52,040 Tim Berners-Lee and our group of friends were part of a theatre group. 350 00:33:52,740 --> 00:33:57,740 We used web pages for the clubs and for work. 351 00:34:00,220 --> 00:34:03,040 And I did think it was a brilliant thing. 352 00:34:04,160 --> 00:34:10,520 When this Cernet picture, all published, ended up being the first picture of a 353 00:34:10,521 --> 00:34:15,060 band, of an artist, of something social on the web which was not mere physics. 354 00:34:17,020 --> 00:34:19,440 You only love your collider. 355 00:34:20,620 --> 00:34:24,502 I think that we realised fairly early on that the 356 00:34:24,503 --> 00:34:28,060 World Wide Web was not something that it could manage. 357 00:34:30,320 --> 00:34:34,460 The most ambitious attempt ever to recreate conditions at the beginning of 358 00:34:34,461 --> 00:34:37,100 the Universe is launched this morning in Switzerland. 359 00:34:38,780 --> 00:34:43,860 Catastrophic claims Professor Otto Rosler, who went to court to stop the experiment, 360 00:34:43,861 --> 00:34:47,240 warning the Earth could be eaten inside out. 361 00:34:47,640 --> 00:34:50,062 How many months or years it takes to eat the 362 00:34:50,063 --> 00:34:53,581 whole Earth cannot be predicted at the moment. 363 00:34:54,220 --> 00:34:59,961 This might be my last broadcast, because tomorrow may be the end of the Earth. 364 00:35:00,360 --> 00:35:02,760 You get these things moving around at the speed of lightning. 365 00:35:03,160 --> 00:35:04,160 Bam! 366 00:35:04,680 --> 00:35:11,460 That story was very beneficial for us because it attracted a lot of interest and 367 00:35:11,461 --> 00:35:15,160 attention by the public, the media which was not there before. 368 00:35:16,580 --> 00:35:18,460 Normally we would not publish a switch on day. 369 00:35:18,640 --> 00:35:19,940 We never did that before. 370 00:35:20,540 --> 00:35:22,900 We were forced into it effectively. 371 00:35:23,580 --> 00:35:28,960 So we had to pick a day and then go flat out to make it. 372 00:35:31,180 --> 00:35:33,916 We're actually inside the control room for what is 373 00:35:33,917 --> 00:35:37,100 genuinely the biggest experiment ever undertaken by mankind. 374 00:35:38,660 --> 00:35:42,500 Nobody was more surprised than me when I came in at 6 o'clock in the morning and 375 00:35:42,501 --> 00:35:45,938 saw these huge satellite dishes and big lorries 376 00:35:45,939 --> 00:35:48,320 full of mobile studios and God knows what. 377 00:35:48,800 --> 00:35:50,220 They were under enormous pressure. 378 00:35:50,420 --> 00:35:51,920 We would normally not accept that. 379 00:35:53,100 --> 00:35:54,620 Don't forget that it made Google. 380 00:35:55,540 --> 00:35:58,200 The Google logo was the LHC that day. 381 00:36:00,680 --> 00:36:03,220 I didn't really know how much of it in the spotlight I was. 382 00:36:03,520 --> 00:36:06,760 I was doing a running commentary of what we were doing from step to step. 383 00:36:07,340 --> 00:36:08,460 Let's get started everybody. 384 00:36:09,220 --> 00:36:10,360 Now comes the day of reckoning. 385 00:36:10,361 --> 00:36:13,800 Little did I know that my wife was watching it at home. 386 00:36:16,040 --> 00:36:19,160 There are innumerable things that could go wrong. 387 00:36:19,280 --> 00:36:20,760 This has never been done before. 388 00:36:21,960 --> 00:36:28,060 I did not sleep that night before because I kept thinking I had this list in my brain. 389 00:36:28,340 --> 00:36:28,940 Did we check that? 390 00:36:29,020 --> 00:36:29,540 Did we check this? 391 00:36:29,900 --> 00:36:30,940 What about the voltage? 392 00:36:31,960 --> 00:36:36,380 Everything that could have gone wrong I was sure it was going to go wrong. 393 00:36:37,420 --> 00:36:40,394 Everybody is staring at a series of screens above 394 00:36:40,395 --> 00:36:43,420 us and the tension you could cut with a laser beam. 395 00:36:48,550 --> 00:36:51,790 OK, the next cycle we will inject the beam into the LHC. 396 00:36:52,370 --> 00:36:53,530 Now we go into new territory. 397 00:36:55,730 --> 00:36:57,990 OK, let's go. 398 00:36:58,970 --> 00:37:05,510 Five, four, three, two, one, zero. 399 00:37:06,410 --> 00:37:07,410 Nothing. 400 00:37:07,530 --> 00:37:08,530 Wave! 401 00:37:27,090 --> 00:37:30,670 Physics has that kind of garage feel to it. 402 00:37:30,750 --> 00:37:31,750 It is not production. 403 00:37:32,050 --> 00:37:33,170 It involves a lot of tweaks. 404 00:37:33,330 --> 00:37:34,490 It involves a lot of hacking. 405 00:37:34,610 --> 00:37:35,950 We are hackers in the end. 406 00:37:36,150 --> 00:37:37,610 We fix things, they don't work. 407 00:37:37,730 --> 00:37:38,890 We tweak them, we don't work. 408 00:37:41,790 --> 00:37:46,730 Fundamental research is a lot of getting it wrong until you get it right. 409 00:37:47,550 --> 00:37:49,930 But fortunately we got it right on the first try. 410 00:37:50,310 --> 00:37:51,310 Never happens. 411 00:37:52,610 --> 00:37:54,950 That was a day, really. 412 00:37:55,590 --> 00:37:57,390 A big emotion. 413 00:37:57,810 --> 00:38:05,370 When you see the thing on which we have been working for years together with 414 00:38:05,371 --> 00:38:09,630 thousands of colleagues from all over the world become real. 415 00:38:10,830 --> 00:38:12,710 And they said, wow, here we are. 416 00:38:13,010 --> 00:38:13,310 We manage. 417 00:38:13,770 --> 00:38:14,770 We did it. 418 00:38:16,030 --> 00:38:20,390 It may have looked easy to you but I can assure you it was only made to look easy 419 00:38:20,391 --> 00:38:25,190 because of the quality of the equipment, the quality of the software, and above 420 00:38:25,191 --> 00:38:27,313 all, the quality of the people who have built 421 00:38:27,314 --> 00:38:30,251 this machine and will operate it in the future. 422 00:38:52,520 --> 00:38:54,793 I got a call, so I went straight over to the 423 00:38:54,794 --> 00:38:58,281 control room and all the screens were red. 424 00:38:58,440 --> 00:38:59,440 Red is a bad color. 425 00:39:04,760 --> 00:39:07,617 What we thought it was at the time was that they had lost 426 00:39:07,618 --> 00:39:10,520 the helium and that it would take us two months to recover. 427 00:39:12,060 --> 00:39:14,933 I mean, at that point we were just like days from data and 428 00:39:14,934 --> 00:39:17,880 ah, we've got to lose two more months because of the helium. 429 00:39:19,520 --> 00:39:22,980 I think it only settled later that we were talking about a year. 430 00:39:24,600 --> 00:39:29,840 It took a long time to recover emotionally from it. 431 00:39:33,600 --> 00:39:34,600 It 432 00:39:38,420 --> 00:39:44,420 took about 50 magnets in one sector that we had to replace. 433 00:39:47,300 --> 00:39:49,620 Fortunately, we had all the spares. 434 00:39:50,060 --> 00:39:53,749 It was just picking ourselves up, rolling up our 435 00:39:53,750 --> 00:39:56,480 sleeves yet again and getting on with the job. 436 00:40:00,490 --> 00:40:05,630 Clearly I was frustrated but that was 24 years ago. 437 00:40:05,631 --> 00:40:11,430 24 years after first thinking about the physics that you could do with the LHC. 438 00:40:12,230 --> 00:40:15,030 So if it was going to take another year or two, no, that's OK. 439 00:40:21,590 --> 00:40:26,130 So I am Palestinian from Hebron, West Bank. 440 00:40:27,250 --> 00:40:29,030 Part of this job is international. 441 00:40:29,570 --> 00:40:33,081 We work physics and for physics and we have to collaborate 442 00:40:33,082 --> 00:40:35,650 with all people regardless of their background. 443 00:40:41,290 --> 00:40:43,690 I don't care what you believe. 444 00:40:43,950 --> 00:40:47,108 Our goal is to understand the building blocks of 445 00:40:47,109 --> 00:40:50,670 matter, the fundamental interactions in nature. 446 00:40:51,430 --> 00:40:55,976 I am a Muslim and I believe the God Almighty and 447 00:40:55,977 --> 00:40:58,610 I believe there is a beginning of the universe. 448 00:40:59,910 --> 00:41:04,310 And my goal is not to contradict the God but to discover the laws of God, 449 00:41:05,190 --> 00:41:06,430 the laws that govern nature. 450 00:41:08,270 --> 00:41:12,750 So my belief, my physics works are side by side. 451 00:41:12,890 --> 00:41:13,930 There is no contradiction. 452 00:41:15,550 --> 00:41:18,490 Is my belief consistent with my research? 453 00:41:19,150 --> 00:41:19,810 Up to now, yes. 454 00:41:20,130 --> 00:41:21,530 There is no contradiction. 455 00:41:24,050 --> 00:41:28,110 There are so many unanswered questions. 456 00:41:29,030 --> 00:41:33,990 If we really do want to understand why the universe is the way it is, we need to 457 00:41:33,991 --> 00:41:39,170 understand what the pieces are that make it up and how those pieces fit together. 458 00:41:40,850 --> 00:41:43,950 The pieces that we know about, is that all of them? 459 00:41:44,550 --> 00:41:46,190 Or are there more pieces? 460 00:41:47,790 --> 00:41:52,650 When they were building a part of this, they needed some really, really high 461 00:41:52,651 --> 00:41:58,450 purity brass which was expensive and difficult to get hold of. 462 00:41:58,910 --> 00:42:04,950 But some of the Russian colleagues realized that they had loads of World War 463 00:42:04,951 --> 00:42:09,510 II shell casings made out of exactly the right quality brass necessary. 464 00:42:10,230 --> 00:42:15,409 And so over a million World War II shell casings were collected, 465 00:42:15,410 --> 00:42:20,310 melted down and turned into our calorimeter right in here. 466 00:42:26,920 --> 00:42:31,600 CERN was one of the holes in the Iron Curtain during the Cold War. 467 00:42:32,560 --> 00:42:35,558 Because all the people from the other side of the 468 00:42:35,559 --> 00:42:38,881 Iron Curtain could come to sell and vice versa. 469 00:42:48,960 --> 00:42:55,400 CERN is the only organization which had in its foundation the double role to promote 470 00:42:55,401 --> 00:43:00,060 science and improve the relations between countries. 471 00:43:01,660 --> 00:43:02,680 The moment is at hand. 472 00:43:02,900 --> 00:43:06,660 President Reagan now is at a lakeside mansion about eight miles north of Geneva. 473 00:43:06,920 --> 00:43:08,985 And it is there that the President will meet this 474 00:43:08,986 --> 00:43:11,380 morning with Mikhail Gorbachev of the Soviet Union. 475 00:43:11,880 --> 00:43:14,880 The first meeting between the leaders of the two most powerful forces in the 476 00:43:14,881 --> 00:43:17,620 history of civilization in more than six years now. 477 00:43:29,890 --> 00:43:33,514 When I was Director General of CERN, I got a call from the 478 00:43:33,515 --> 00:43:37,510 head of the American delegation to prepare the discussion. 479 00:43:37,790 --> 00:43:44,970 We said, look, we need a place which is respected by both sides, where we can 480 00:43:44,971 --> 00:43:48,390 freely and informally discuss the problems. 481 00:43:49,830 --> 00:43:51,796 So I invited a small group, both from the 482 00:43:51,797 --> 00:43:55,331 Russians and the Americans, to dinner at CERN. 483 00:43:56,030 --> 00:44:00,150 And after they first dosed, I left them alone and said goodbye. 484 00:44:01,430 --> 00:44:04,390 I called for a fresh start and we made that start. 485 00:44:04,870 --> 00:44:07,717 I can't claim that we had a meeting of the minds on 486 00:44:07,718 --> 00:44:10,531 such fundamentals as ideology or national purpose. 487 00:44:11,130 --> 00:44:15,350 But we understand each other better, and that's a key to peace. 488 00:44:17,090 --> 00:44:22,070 I think if, in the end, Gorbachev could sign the first disarmament agreement, 489 00:44:22,071 --> 00:44:25,990 it was, I believe, with the help of the physicists. 490 00:44:52,630 --> 00:44:55,373 The Large Hadron Collider is a machine for the 491 00:44:55,374 --> 00:44:58,891 world because it's the only machine of that type. 492 00:44:58,970 --> 00:45:02,269 It brings the world forward, and it can only 493 00:45:02,270 --> 00:45:05,771 work because the whole world is involved. 494 00:45:13,600 --> 00:45:18,900 It could not immediately start with the highest possible energy for which the LHC 495 00:45:18,901 --> 00:45:22,040 was designed, so we decided to go up very slowly. 496 00:45:22,680 --> 00:45:26,780 But we reached the highest energy ever with an accelerator on Earth. 497 00:45:27,440 --> 00:45:30,715 It's a bit like an explorer, because I see 498 00:45:30,716 --> 00:45:33,780 something which nobody else had seen before. 499 00:45:34,260 --> 00:45:35,260 It's brilliant. 500 00:45:41,900 --> 00:45:47,260 40 million pictures per second of these collisions, roughly 150 million channels, 501 00:45:47,720 --> 00:45:49,620 and it's a three-dimensional picture. 502 00:45:54,120 --> 00:45:58,280 Of course, then we were in a rush to find the Higgs particle. 503 00:45:58,500 --> 00:46:00,660 I mean, that was what we wanted to see. 504 00:46:02,540 --> 00:46:05,467 What's left to fill the gap between theory and 505 00:46:05,468 --> 00:46:08,721 experiment, that's the Higgs boson contribution. 506 00:46:10,800 --> 00:46:14,376 For particle physicists discovering the Higgs 507 00:46:14,377 --> 00:46:18,401 boson, this would be like landing on the moon. 508 00:46:21,840 --> 00:46:23,000 It's not just a particle. 509 00:46:23,720 --> 00:46:25,540 It's not just a thing that gets produced. 510 00:46:25,600 --> 00:46:30,202 It is a clue to one of the most fundamental concepts 511 00:46:30,203 --> 00:46:34,480 of our lives and worlds, which is, how do we get mass? 512 00:46:41,610 --> 00:46:43,550 It was sort of bam, bam, bam. 513 00:46:43,590 --> 00:46:46,190 We were working along, we were doing everything, calibrating the detector, 514 00:46:46,191 --> 00:46:48,410 and then suddenly there was something there. 515 00:46:48,610 --> 00:46:50,630 I mean, we thought, okay, God, is this the Higgs? 516 00:46:50,830 --> 00:46:51,910 You know, could this be it? 517 00:46:51,950 --> 00:46:55,851 You know, of course, there was this excitement that we knew, but it happened so fast. 518 00:47:00,660 --> 00:47:06,940 You check and recheck, and then you see suddenly this peak or this number of 519 00:47:06,941 --> 00:47:09,740 pictures indicating something interesting growing. 520 00:47:11,460 --> 00:47:14,420 People were working days and nights, looking at the data. 521 00:47:16,300 --> 00:47:20,220 There was something special going on. 522 00:47:24,450 --> 00:47:27,950 We decided, okay, we will have a seminar. 523 00:47:28,970 --> 00:47:30,310 But we didn't know yet. 524 00:47:30,311 --> 00:47:33,790 Is it a discovery or is it close to a discovery? 525 00:47:45,480 --> 00:47:49,200 Today we hear two presentations from the two experiments, ATLAS and CMS, 526 00:47:49,520 --> 00:47:52,220 on their update on a search for a certain particle. 527 00:47:54,800 --> 00:47:58,120 We have a magic limit in particle physics. 528 00:47:58,900 --> 00:48:03,480 When we cross this threshold of evidence, then we can call it a discovery. 529 00:48:03,800 --> 00:48:07,644 We needed to cross this threshold in both experiments 530 00:48:07,645 --> 00:48:10,461 because the cross-check is absolutely vital. 531 00:48:12,000 --> 00:48:13,674 There were many, many people who had made the 532 00:48:13,675 --> 00:48:15,761 history of CERN, previous director-general. 533 00:48:16,420 --> 00:48:18,320 Peter Higgs was there, Francois Anglaire. 534 00:48:19,880 --> 00:48:24,520 The day of the announcement was really kind of, not only was the world learning 535 00:48:24,521 --> 00:48:28,040 about it, but also half the community was learning about the other half. 536 00:48:28,440 --> 00:48:31,478 So this distribution is extremely clean, 537 00:48:31,479 --> 00:48:36,001 except one big spike here in this region here. 538 00:48:39,680 --> 00:48:42,380 So, zooming in this region. 539 00:48:49,720 --> 00:48:54,260 We have observed a new particle consistent with Higgs's proposal. 540 00:48:55,580 --> 00:48:57,660 As a layman I would now say... 541 00:48:59,080 --> 00:49:00,080 I think we have it. 542 00:49:01,220 --> 00:49:02,220 Do you agree? 543 00:49:10,470 --> 00:49:15,316 Maybe one more round of applause to all the guys who 544 00:49:15,317 --> 00:49:20,190 supported the whole project for more than 25 years here. 545 00:49:20,350 --> 00:49:21,350 All the way. 546 00:49:25,970 --> 00:49:29,450 Just take a step back and look at what we achieved. 547 00:49:30,010 --> 00:49:31,010 It was huge. 548 00:49:43,250 --> 00:49:46,190 The elementary particles wouldn't have a mass. 549 00:49:46,750 --> 00:49:50,030 They would fly through the universe with the speed of light. 550 00:49:50,290 --> 00:49:52,450 No chance to form composite matter. 551 00:49:52,910 --> 00:49:54,630 No chance to form us. 552 00:49:54,970 --> 00:49:56,230 No chance to form the Earth. 553 00:49:57,430 --> 00:49:58,970 And now we found the explanation. 554 00:49:59,650 --> 00:50:00,650 We found it. 555 00:50:02,150 --> 00:50:04,630 It's a great moment. 556 00:50:06,030 --> 00:50:07,030 I 557 00:50:22,100 --> 00:50:25,140 have to say I was pretty emotional. 558 00:50:27,220 --> 00:50:30,900 I'm not quite sure whether I had tears in my eyes. 559 00:50:31,040 --> 00:50:32,220 Peter Higgs certainly did. 560 00:50:32,960 --> 00:50:38,500 So this was 48 years after they had proposed their theory. 561 00:50:40,060 --> 00:50:42,787 Well, I would like to add my congratulations to 562 00:50:42,788 --> 00:50:45,160 everybody involved in this tremendous achievement. 563 00:50:46,100 --> 00:50:52,320 For me, it's really an incredible thing that has happened in my lifetime. 564 00:51:28,280 --> 00:51:32,760 Just at the moment where you say, OK, that was worth all my work, 565 00:51:33,060 --> 00:51:37,720 this moment, this day, and basically you then stop working. 566 00:51:37,920 --> 00:51:39,900 After that seminar, we just celebrated. 567 00:51:40,180 --> 00:51:42,240 It was a day full of champagne and beer. 568 00:51:42,640 --> 00:51:43,640 Perfect. 569 00:51:47,850 --> 00:51:53,470 I think the one good thing that I had going for me when I started this was that 570 00:51:53,471 --> 00:52:00,071 I was naive and never realised the mountain that we had to climb to actually succeed. 571 00:52:06,260 --> 00:52:10,140 You look at the experimental teams that discovered the Higgs boson. 572 00:52:10,520 --> 00:52:14,020 They include Russians and Americans. 573 00:52:15,020 --> 00:52:18,560 They include Chinese and Europeans. 574 00:52:18,561 --> 00:52:21,920 They include Indians and Pakistanis. 575 00:52:22,540 --> 00:52:25,180 They include Israelis and Palestinians. 576 00:52:27,900 --> 00:52:33,340 This is an endeavour which, I think, really unifies the human race. 577 00:52:38,180 --> 00:52:40,000 The situation is complex today. 578 00:52:40,620 --> 00:52:43,100 The war in Ukraine does have an impact. 579 00:52:43,820 --> 00:52:47,831 Last year, the CERN Council decided to terminate 580 00:52:47,832 --> 00:52:50,920 the collaboration with some Russian institutes. 581 00:52:54,600 --> 00:52:59,900 So there is one institute based in Russia that we're still working with. 582 00:53:02,000 --> 00:53:06,220 Now the CERN Council must decide whether it wants to keep that long-standing 583 00:53:06,221 --> 00:53:09,220 collaboration going or whether it wants to cut all ties. 584 00:53:12,960 --> 00:53:18,861 Sanctioning Russia and Belarus, yeah, that contradicts the CERN Foundation. 585 00:53:19,580 --> 00:53:26,180 So CERN was established after the Second World War in the ash of Europe in 1954. 586 00:53:27,640 --> 00:53:34,240 And in the 1950s, 60s, 70s, at the height of the Cold War, World War, Americans, 587 00:53:34,700 --> 00:53:38,420 Germans, West Europe, Russians, Soviets worked together, so what changed? 588 00:53:38,820 --> 00:53:39,820 Why don't you keep that? 589 00:53:44,200 --> 00:53:46,890 You cannot generalise to all the people. 590 00:53:47,250 --> 00:53:50,704 You cannot generalise to all Russian or Ukrainian, 591 00:53:50,705 --> 00:53:53,631 the decision of a few people in the government, maybe. 592 00:53:56,050 --> 00:53:58,570 I know these people, they are against war. 593 00:53:58,970 --> 00:54:02,310 And they are paying for something that is not their fault. 594 00:54:08,240 --> 00:54:13,560 So I'm really curious now to see whether Fabiola somehow has said something. 595 00:54:14,080 --> 00:54:14,640 There is something. 596 00:54:15,000 --> 00:54:16,000 I'll wait. 597 00:54:16,300 --> 00:54:18,040 An important item on the CERN Council. 598 00:54:18,400 --> 00:54:21,460 Has the Council decided not to terminate the agreement? 599 00:54:21,960 --> 00:54:22,500 That's good. 600 00:54:22,860 --> 00:54:30,620 I'm very happy to read that CERN remains in its tradition. 601 00:54:31,260 --> 00:54:32,260 Very good. 602 00:54:33,140 --> 00:54:38,000 If the Council had not taken that decision and decided to terminate the agreement, 603 00:54:38,160 --> 00:54:41,820 that would have been the end of any relation with the Russian Federation. 604 00:54:45,720 --> 00:54:47,520 This is really the nerve centre. 605 00:54:47,740 --> 00:54:49,440 This is where everything happens. 606 00:54:50,080 --> 00:54:53,920 How can we make sure that we continue being the number one lab? 607 00:54:53,921 --> 00:54:58,540 So it's projecting CERN in decades away from today. 608 00:55:00,760 --> 00:55:03,820 This is why we're doing this feasibility study. 609 00:55:04,640 --> 00:55:07,920 You know, should we have a super, super-duper large accelerator, 610 00:55:08,900 --> 00:55:12,540 it's going to be three times the size of the current LHC. 611 00:55:16,510 --> 00:55:17,810 What is dark matter? 612 00:55:18,070 --> 00:55:19,850 That's the question I'm looking for. 613 00:55:20,230 --> 00:55:25,470 We know it's there and it must be there in an enormous amount, about four times more 614 00:55:25,471 --> 00:55:29,270 of this than the visible mass of the universe. 615 00:55:32,600 --> 00:55:38,340 We're in the control room of my experiment on the space station. 616 00:55:39,960 --> 00:55:44,660 The highest energy particle comes from the cosmos. 617 00:55:52,760 --> 00:55:58,020 To know the origin of Hubble, you have to go above the Earth's atmosphere. 618 00:55:59,000 --> 00:56:04,600 Thank you very much for the great ride and safe delivery of AMS to the station. 619 00:56:05,840 --> 00:56:10,862 Your support and fantastic work has taken us one step 620 00:56:10,863 --> 00:56:15,020 closer to realizing the science potential of AMS. 621 00:56:19,040 --> 00:56:27,440 We have some very, very important results that correspond to dark matter conditions. 622 00:56:29,020 --> 00:56:32,652 So we have learned from this experiment, 623 00:56:32,653 --> 00:56:37,100 cosmic rays behave in a way nobody dreamed of. 624 00:56:37,560 --> 00:56:38,860 That's why it's so interesting. 625 00:56:47,280 --> 00:56:53,520 It's the mystery of life and we have to accept that there are things that are much 626 00:56:53,521 --> 00:56:59,720 bigger, much more complex than our brain and our imagination can capture. 627 00:57:11,550 --> 00:57:15,490 We are made of sub-nuclear universe. 628 00:57:16,450 --> 00:57:18,730 We are pieces of the sub-nuclear universe. 629 00:57:19,610 --> 00:57:24,810 Believe it or not, it's the real origin of existence. 630 00:57:31,900 --> 00:57:33,080 Do 631 00:57:36,660 --> 00:57:44,720 you sometimes want to wake up to the singularity we once were? 632 00:57:47,960 --> 00:57:53,660 For every atom belonging to me as good belongs to you. 633 00:57:55,000 --> 00:58:01,508 When Earth was sky and animal was energy and rock 634 00:58:01,509 --> 00:58:07,980 was liquid and stars were space and space was not. 635 00:58:10,720 --> 00:58:20,040 Only a tiny dot brimming with is, is, is. 636 00:58:23,930 --> 00:58:25,330 Everything. 637 00:58:27,250 --> 00:58:28,250 Home.